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@@ -175,6 +175,12 @@ The base station detects the tone is missing and the speech path is connected th
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<center><img src="a-netz-yellow.jpg"/></center>
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<p>
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Theoretically all combinations of 30 tones could be assigned to 27405 different subscribers.
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Only 24375 combinations can be encoded with the last 5 digits, because some digit combinations do not define 4 different tones or would generate the same 4 tones as other digit combinations do.
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The actual limitation of subscribers were cause by the limited number of available channels.
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</p>
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<p>
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4. Release by the mobile station
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<br><br>
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@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ Dr. Martin Cooper produced the first handheld phone "DynaTAC8000x", the famous B
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</p>
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<center><img src="amps-dynatac.jpg"/></center>
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<center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_DynaTAC">Image taken from Wikipedia</a></center>
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<p>
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<ul>
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@@ -57,11 +58,10 @@ Dr. Martin Cooper produced the first handheld phone "DynaTAC8000x", the famous B
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</p>
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<p>
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The detailed communication between base station and mobile station is described in <a href="TIA_EIA_553_A.compressed.pdf">TIA/EIA-553 standard</a>. Click for reading the PDF file. <i>Reproduced under written permission from Telecommunications Industry Association.</i>
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</p>
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<p>
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*TBD*
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The detailed communication between base station and mobile station is described in <a href="TIA_EIA_553_A.compressed.pdf">TIA/EIA-553 standard</a>.
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Click for reading the PDF file.
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Thanx to TIA for allowing me to add the standard document to this project's documentation.
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<i>Reproduced under written permission from Telecommunications Industry Association.</i>
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</p>
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<p>
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@@ -81,7 +81,43 @@ Setup of a base station
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</p>
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<p>
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*TBD*
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<font color="red">Importaint: We need to connect to PLL and discriminator!</font>
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</p>
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<p>
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AMPS does not use a modulated tone to carry bits of information, instead it modulates the radio carrier directly.
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This image shows a signal generated by this software, which is similar to a received signal from the phone:
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</p>
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<center><img src="amps-burst.png"/></center>
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<p>
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Generally a receiver will do de-emphasis and filtering after demodulating the signal.
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We don't want that.
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It may work, but be sure to use a receiver with discriminator output.
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This output gives direct signal of the frequency deviation of the received signal.
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The signal on the sound card represents the frequency shift of the received signal.
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Many receivers can be modified, so search the Web for more info.
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</p>
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<p>
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On the transmitter we don't want to have filtering and pre-emphasis.
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It may work, but be sure to use a transmitter that allows to disable emphasis.
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I took the schematics of my transmitter and connected the sound card directly to the PLL.
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The transmitter will now shift frequency according the the level of the sound card.
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</p>
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<p>
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<font color="red">Importaint: We need to transmit correct polarity, use auto polarity detection always!</font>
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</p>
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<p>
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In my case, my sound card is connected to a transmitter, where a positive sample value causes a negative frequency deviation.
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This is why I need to flip the polarity of the signal, so I generate a negative sample value that causes a positive frequency deviation.
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I use the '-f yes' option or '--flip-polarity yes'.
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Also it is essential to use a transmitter with direct access to the modulator and and a receiver with direct access to the disciminator.
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I use '-p -d' or '--pre-emphasis --de-emphasis' to process emphasis for audio signal in software.
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I use the calling channel (control channel) 334, which could also be used as traffic channel (voice channel).
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</p>
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<pre>
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@@ -113,6 +149,13 @@ The actual level is not yet relevant.
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(You may check the quality using '-l 2' or '--loopback 2' command line option and build a radio loop by tuning the receiver to the transmitter.)
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</p>
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<p>
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If the polarity is correct and the volume of the signal (frequency deviation) is about right, you will make the phone register.
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The phone will transmit on the uplink.
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If not, try other polarity.
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This is how my phone registers to my network:
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</p>
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<pre>
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frame.c:3630 info : RX RECC: DCC=0
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@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ History
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B-Netz was the second mobile telephone network in Germany.
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It was the successor of the A-Netz.
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It existed between 1972 and 1994.
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Using digital technology and later microprocessors, the phone were still as big as a suitcase.
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Using digital technology and later microprocessors, the phones were still as big as a suitcase.
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It used full duplex radio link.
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The call was placed by automatic dialing in both direction, so no requirement for an operator.
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After full deployment in 1986, there were 158 base stations.
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@@ -293,9 +293,9 @@ If a pattern 1..9 is selected, the mobile station selects only the base stations
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<p>
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There is a special idle pattern that is used for reduced TX power.
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This is used in areas with many base station that are close together.
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This was used in areas with many subscribers.
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The idle signal 19 is used.
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The mobile station will reduce TX power when selecting this base station for outgoing call.
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The mobile station will reduce TX power when selecting a close base station for outgoing call.
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</p>
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<br>
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@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ If no dialing is received from mobile station within 3.8 seconds, the base stati
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<p>
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When the mobile station receives the dial request signal, it seamlessly transmits a dial string.
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The string consist of a start signal ("Funkwahl"), 5 digits ("Wahlziffern") of mobile identity, dialed digits (without 0 at the beginning) and the stop signal ("Funkwahlende"):
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The string consist of a start signal ("Funkwahl"), 5 digits of mobile identity ("Wahlziffern"), dialed digits (without 0 at the beginning) and the stop signal ("Funkwahlende"):
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</p>
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<p>
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@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ The calling party dials the prefix of the city where the base station is located
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</p>
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<p>
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The transceiver of the base station switches to channel 19 and sends a paging sequence that consists of 5 digits ("Wahlziffern") mobile identity and the channel assignment digit ("Kanalbefehl"):
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The transceiver of the base station switches to channel 19 and sends a paging sequence that consists of 5 digits of mobile identity ("Wahlziffern") and the channel assignment digit ("Kanalbefehl"):
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</p>
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<p>
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@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ The transmitter will now shift frequency according the the level of the sound ca
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</p>
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<p>
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<font color="red">Importaint: We need to transmit correct polarity, use auto polarity detection always!</font>
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<font color="red">Importaint: We need to transmit correct polarity!</font>
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</p>
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<center><img src="c-netz-burst_part.png"/></center>
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